Jumat, 03 Juni 2016

idiom

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 idiom (Latin : idioma, "special property", from Greek : ἰδίωμα – idíōma, "special feature, special phrasing, a peculiarity", f.
Greek : ἴδιος – ídios , "one’s own") is a phrase or a fixed expression that has a figurative , or sometimes literal, meaning. An idiom's figurative meaning is different from the
literal meaning. [1] There are thousands of idioms, and they occur frequently in all languages. It is estimated that there are at least twenty-five thousand idiomatic.
Every language has its own collection of wise sayings. They offer advice about how to live and also transfer some underlying ideas, principles and values of a given culture / society. These sayings are called "idioms" - or proverbs if they are longer. These combinations of words have (rarely complete sentences)

Example

A hot potato
Speak of an issue (mostly current) which many people are talking about and which is usually disputed A penny for your thoughts
A way of asking what someone is thinking
Actions speak louder than words
People's intentions can be judged better by what they do than what they say.
Add insult to injury
To further a loss with mockery or indignity; to worsen an unfavorable situation.
An arm and a leg
Very expensive or costly. A large amount of money.
At the drop of a hat
Meaning: without any hesitation; instantly.
Back to the drawing board
When an attempt fails and it's time to start all over.
Ball is in your court
It is up to you to make the next decision or step.

proverb

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What are proverbs?
Every culture has a collection of wise sayings that offer advice about how to live your life. These sayings are called "proverbs".
How can you use proverbs to learn English?
It's good to know the really common English proverbs because you hear them come up in conversation all the time. Sometimes people say the entire proverb to give advice to a friend. More often, someone will say just part of a proverb like this:
You know what they say: when the going gets tough...
(Read #5 below to learn the rest of this proverb and what it means.)
Learning proverbs can also help you to understand the way that people in English-speaking cultures think about the world.
Proverbs can also give you good
example sentences which you can memorize and use as models for building your own sentences.
The most important English Proverbs
This is a list of some of the most important and well-known English proverbs. Below each one, there's a simple explanation.
The meanings of some of these phrases have shifted over the years, so a proverb might have originally had a different meaning than the one I explain

"Two wrongs don't make a right."
When someone has done something bad to you, trying to get revenge will only make things worse.

"When in Rome, do as the Romans."
Act the way that the people around you are acting. This phrase might come in handy when you're traveling abroad notice that people do things differently than you're used to.

"Fortune favors the bold."
People who bravely go after what they want are more successful than people who try to live safely.

homonymy, homophones, homograph

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HOMONYMS, HOMOPHONES,
HOMOGRAPHS, and HETERONYMS
Buzzy Bee riddles are a play on the sound and spelling of words. This is easily done because many words in the English language sound alike or are spelled alike but have different meanings. Bee is spelled with two "e's" and therefore any words with the letters "b" and "e" are likely to have an extra "e" when misspelled by Buzzy. While the following words are spelled correctly, look for their misspellings in the Buzzy Bee riddles and Buzzy's "answers."
be
beautiful
because
become
behave
behind
beware
maybe
 
What other words might Buzzy misspell? (Hint: look up "be" in the dictionary.)
Buzzy Bee riddles use misspelling to manipulate the meaning of words. Although not correctly spelled, these words might qualify as homophones (words that sound alike, but have a different spelling).
HOMONYMS are words that sound alike but have different meanings. Homophones are a type of homonym that also sound alike and have different meanings, but have different spellings.
HOMOGRAPHS are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings. Heteronyms are a type of homograph that are also spelled the same and have different meanings, but sound different.
WORDS THAT BOTH SOUND THE SAME AND ARE SPELLED THE SAME are both homonyms (same sound) and homographs (same spelling). Example: lie (untruth) and lie (prone); fair (county fair), fair (reasonable).


SUMMARY CHART
HOMONYM WORDS
SOUND
HOMOPHONE WORDS
type of homonym
  same sound  same sound
  same OR different spelling  different spelling
  fair (county fair)
  fair (reasonable)
  pear (fruit)
  pair (couple)
  Buzzy Bee Riddle #6; boo bee, booby
  Buzzy Bee Riddle #14; hum bug, humbug
  Buzzy Bee Riddle #13: cell, sell
  pear (fruit)
  pair (couple)
  Buzzy Bee Riddle #6; boo bee, booby
  Buzzy Bee Riddle #14; hum bug, humbug
  Buzzy Bee Riddle #13: cell, sell

HOMOGRAPH WORDS
SPELLING
HETERONYM WORDS
type of homograph
  same OR different sound  different sound
  same spelling  same spelling
  lie (untruth)
  lie (lie down)
  tear (in the eye)
  tear (rip)
  Buzzy Bee Riddle #4; spelling bee, spelling bee
  tear (in the eye)
  tear (rip)


DETAIL CHART
 Same Sound / different meaningsSame Spelling / different meanings
   Homonyms   Homophones  Homographs  Heteronyms 
  Different Spelling Different Sound
see  (with your eye)
sea  (the ocean)
see
sea
see
sea
n/an/a
to  (preposition)
too  (as well)
two  (2)
to
too
two
to
too
two
n/an/a
there 
their  (possessive)
they're  (contraction)
there
their
they're
there
their
they're
n/an/a
bough  (tree limb)
bow  (front of a boat)
bow  (at the waist)
bow  (tied with ribbon)
bow  (shoots arrows)
bough
bow
bow



bow
bow
bough
bow
bough

bow

bow
bow
bow
bow

bow

bow


bow

bow
lead  (to guide)
lead  (the metal)
led  (guided)

lead
led

lead
led
lead
lead
lead
lead
lie  (untruth)
lie  (lie down)
lie
lie
n/alie
lie
n/a
fair  (appearance)
fair  (county fair)
fair  (reasonable)
fair
fair
fair
n/afair
fair
fair
n/a
bass  (fish)
bass  (low note)
n/an/abass
bass
bass
bass
tear  (in the eye)
tear  (rip)
n/an/atear
tear
tear
tear






polysemy

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Definition

Polysemy is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings. A polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings. Adjective: polysemous or polysemic.
In contrast, a one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy. According to William Croft, "Monosemy is probably most clearly found in specializedvocabulary dealing with technical topics" (The Handbook of Linguistics, 2003).
According to some estimates, more than 40% of English words have more than one meaning. The fact that so many words (or lexemes) are polysemous "shows that semantic changesoften add meanings to the language without subtracting any" (M. Lynne Murphy, Lexical Meaning, 2010).
For a discussion of the similarities and differences between polysemy and homonymy, see the entry for homonymy.

Examples and Observations

  • "The word good has many meanings. For example, if a man were to shoot his grandmother at a range of five hundred yards, I should call him a good shot, but not necessarily a good man."
    (G.K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy, 1909)
Banks, Pupils, and Bats
Sports Illustrated can be bought for 1 dollar or 35 million dollars; the first is something you can read and later start a fire with, the second is a particular company that produces the magazine you just read. Such polysemy can give rise to a special ambiguity (He left the bank five minutes ago, He left the bank five years ago). Sometimes dictionaries use history to decide whether a particular entry is a case of one word with two related meanings, or two separate words, but this can be tricky. Even though pupil(eye) and pupil (student) are historically linked, they are intuitively as unrelated as bat (implement) and bat (animal)."
(Adrian Akmajian, et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT Press, 2001)