homonymy, homophones, homograph

	HOMONYMS, HOMOPHONES, HOMOGRAPHS, and HETERONYMS Buzzy Bee riddles are a play on the sound and spelling of words. This is easily done because many words in the English language sound alike or are spelled alike but have different meanings. Bee is spelled with two "e's" and therefore any words with the letters "b" and "e" are likely to have an extra "e" when misspelled by Buzzy. While the following words are spelled correctly, look for their misspellings in the Buzzy Bee riddles and Buzzy's "answers." be beautiful because become behave behind beware maybe   What other words might Buzzy misspell? (Hint: look up "be" in the dictionary.) Buzzy Bee riddles use misspelling to manipulate the meaning of words. Although not correctly spelled, these words might qualify as homophones (words that sound alike, but have a different spelling). HOMONYMS are words that sound alike but have different meanings. Homophones are a type of homonym that also sound alike and have different meanings, but have different spellings. HOMOGRAPHS are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings. Heteronyms are a type of homograph that are also spelled the same and have different meanings, but sound different. WORDS THAT BOTH SOUND THE SAME AND ARE SPELLED THE SAME are both homonyms (same sound) and homographs (same spelling). Example: lie (untruth) and lie (prone); fair (county fair), fair (reasonable).

SUMMARY CHART

HOMONYM WORDS SOUND	HOMOPHONE WORDS type of homonym
same sound	same sound
same OR different spelling	different spelling
fair (county fair)   fair (reasonable)   pear (fruit)   pair (couple)   Buzzy Bee Riddle #6; boo bee, booby   Buzzy Bee Riddle #14; hum bug, humbug   Buzzy Bee Riddle #13: cell, sell	pear (fruit)   pair (couple)   Buzzy Bee Riddle #6; boo bee, booby   Buzzy Bee Riddle #14; hum bug, humbug   Buzzy Bee Riddle #13: cell, sell

HOMOGRAPH WORDS SPELLING	HETERONYM WORDS type of homograph
same OR different sound	different sound
same spelling	same spelling
lie (untruth)   lie (lie down)   tear (in the eye)   tear (rip)   Buzzy Bee Riddle #4; spelling bee, spelling bee	tear (in the eye)   tear (rip)

DETAIL CHART

	Same Sound / different meanings				Same Spelling / different meanings
	Homonyms		Homophones		Homographs	Heteronyms
			Different Spelling			Different Sound
see  (with your eye) sea  (the ocean)	see sea		see sea		n/a	n/a
to  (preposition) too  (as well) two  (2)	to too two		to too two		n/a	n/a
there  their  (possessive) they're  (contraction)	there their they're		there their they're		n/a	n/a
bough  (tree limb) bow  (front of a boat) bow  (at the waist) bow  (tied with ribbon) bow  (shoots arrows)	bough bow bow	bow bow	bough bow	bough bow	bow bow bow bow	bow bow	bow bow
lead  (to guide) lead  (the metal) led  (guided)	lead led		lead led		lead lead	lead lead
lie  (untruth) lie  (lie down)	lie lie		n/a		lie lie	n/a
fair  (appearance) fair  (county fair) fair  (reasonable)	fair fair fair		n/a		fair fair fair	n/a
bass  (fish) bass  (low note)	n/a		n/a		bass bass	bass bass
tear  (in the eye) tear  (rip)	n/a		n/a		tear tear	tear tear

Read More

polysemy

Definition

Polysemy is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings. A polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings. Adjective: polysemous or polysemic.

In contrast, a one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy. According to William Croft, "Monosemy is probably most clearly found in specializedvocabulary dealing with technical topics" (The Handbook of Linguistics, 2003).

According to some estimates, more than 40% of English words have more than one meaning. The fact that so many words (or lexemes) are polysemous "shows that semantic changesoften add meanings to the language without subtracting any" (M. Lynne Murphy, Lexical Meaning, 2010).

For a discussion of the similarities and differences between polysemy and homonymy, see the entry for homonymy.

Examples and Observations

• "The word good has many meanings. For example, if a man were to shoot his grandmother at a range of five hundred yards, I should call him a good shot, but not necessarily a good man."
  (G.K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy, 1909)

Banks, Pupils, and Bats
Sports Illustrated can be bought for 1 dollar or 35 million dollars; the first is something you can read and later start a fire with, the second is a particular company that produces the magazine you just read. Such polysemy can give rise to a special ambiguity (He left the bank five minutes ago, He left the bank five years ago). Sometimes dictionaries use history to decide whether a particular entry is a case of one word with two related meanings, or two separate words, but this can be tricky. Even though pupil(eye) and pupil (student) are historically linked, they are intuitively as unrelated as bat (implement) and bat (animal)."
(Adrian Akmajian, et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT Press, 2001)

Read More

hyperbole and the example

Hy guys, now I will sharing for you about hyperbole and the example of hyperbole. But before we know the examppe first, we should know what is hyperbole.. So, let's check it out..

make a point. It is like the opposite of “understatement.” It is from a Greek word meaning “excess.”
Hyperboles can be found in literature and oral communication. They would not be used in nonfiction works, like medical journals or research papers; but, they are perfect for fictional works, especially to add color to a character or humor to the story.
Hyperboles are comparisons, like similes and
metaphors , but are extravagant and even ridiculous.
A boring story can come to life or become comical with the use of a hyperbole. Some examples of hyperboles include:
Here are some common examples of hyperboles:
If used properly, a hyperbole can encourage consumers to buy products.
Marketing research from Roger J. Kreuz, PhD for the Military Personnel Research Science Workshop in June 2001 in Memphis TN, has shown that 75% of ads use at least one figure of speech. Examples of hyperboles in advertising include:
A great example of hyperbole in literature comes from Paul Bunyan’s opening remarks in the American folktale Babe, the Blue Ox:
Another example comes from "As I Walked Out One Evening" by W.H. Auden:
Following are some short hyperboles from literature:
Remember, hyperboles can be found in many sources including literature and oral communication. Look for these fun comparisons!
Hyperboles Add Excitement and Fun

A boring story can come to life or become comical with the use of a hyperbole. Some examples of hyperboles include:
Here are some common examples of hyperboles:
If used properly, a hyperbole can encourage consumers to buy products.
Marketing research from Roger J. Kreuz, PhD for the Military Personnel Research Science Workshop in June 2001 in Memphis TN, has shown that 75% of ads use at least one figure of speech. Examples of hyperboles in advertising include:
A great example of hyperbole in literature comes from Paul Bunyan’s opening remarks in the American folktale Babe, the Blue Ox:
Another example comes from "As I Walked Out One Evening" by W.H. Auden:
Following are some short hyperboles from literature:
Remember, hyperboles can be found in many sources including literature and oral communication. Look for these fun comparisons!
Hyperboles Add Excitement and Fun
“I’ve told you a million times”
“It was so cold, I saw polar bears wearing jackets”
“She is so dumb, she thinks Taco Bell is a Mexican phone company”

Here are some common examples of hyperboles:
I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
I have a million things to do.
I had to walk 15 miles to school in the snow, uphill.
I had a ton of homework.
If I can’t buy that new game, I will die.
He is as skinny as a toothpick.
This car goes faster than the speed of light.
That new car costs a bazillion dollars.

A great example of hyperbole in literature comes from Paul Bunyan’s opening remarks in the American folktale Babe, the Blue Ox:
Another example comes from "As I Walked Out One Evening" by W.H. Auden:
Following are some short hyperboles from literature:
Remember, hyperboles can be found in many sources including literature and oral communication. Look for these fun comparisons!
Hyperboles Add Excitement and Fun
“I’ve told you a million times”
“It was so cold, I saw polar bears wearing jackets”
“She is so dumb, she thinks Taco Bell is a Mexican phone company”
I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
I have a million things to do.
I had to walk 15 miles to school in the snow, uphill.
I had a ton of homework.
If I can’t buy that new game, I will die.
He is as skinny as a toothpick.
This car goes faster than the speed of light.
That new car costs a bazillion dollars.
We are so poor; we don’t have two cents to rub together.
That joke is so old, the last time I heard it I was riding on a dinosaur.
They ran like greased lightning.
He's got tons of money.
You could have knocked me over with a feather.
Her brain is the size of a pea.
He is older than the hills.

Hyperboles in Media and Literature
“adds amazing luster for infinite, mirror-like shine” (Brilliant Brunette shampoo)
“It doesn't get better than this” (Oscar Meyer)
“Well now, one winter it was so cold that all the geese flew backward and all the fish moved south and even the snow turned blue. Late at night, it got so frigid that all spoken words froze solid afore they could be heard. People had to wait until sunup to find out what folks were talking about the night before.”

That's all the explanation about hypeebole and the example. I hope that usefull.. Thank you.

Read More

Metonymy & Synechdoche

Hy guys,, my explanation now is about METONYMY  & SINECDOCHE what is METONYMY and  SINECHDOCHE & the example? Okey, let’s check it out..

1.     Definition of matonymy

Metonymy is an allegory in which the thing or concept that is not called by the name of its own, but as something that is closely related to the thing or concept. Example: here are some examples of metonymy: Crown. (To the power of the King.) The White House. (Referring to the American Government.) Dish. (To see the entire plate of food.) The Pentagon. (For Department of Defense and the Office of the armed forces of the United States.) The Pen. (. For the written word) Sword-(for military power.) Hollywood. (For U.S. Theaters.) The Hand. (. To Consider this quote help) which is a proverbial metonimis United Kingdom was created by writer Edward Bulwer-Lytton in 1839 for His play Richelieu, or the Conspiracy: " pen is sharper than the sword ".

Yap.. so many people get a mistake to equalize metonymy with sinecdoche. Sinecdoche is the majas where  one part of thing has been presentation that thing, for the example is “ a wheel” that could be meaning “a car”

Metonymy also always equalize with metaphor, although it looks same but the both of them is different. Methaphor is where a thing equalize with another thing and it’s not has relation.

Metonymy is different with sinechdoche and methaphor although it’s looks same. Metonymy is when mention the name of things with the characteristics or the thing that have the relation. The example:

v  The white house claims that they welcome syrian refugee

“the white house” above is showing about the American goverment

v  The Pentagon - to refer to the staff

v  The restaurant - to refer to the staff

v  Ears - for giving attention ("Lend me your ears!" from Mark Antony in Julius Caesar)

v  Eyes - for sight

v  The library - for the staff or the books

2.    Definition of sinechdoche

Synecdoche is a rhetorical trope and a type of figurative speech similar to metonymy, a figure of speech in which a term that denotes one thing is used to refer to a related thing.^[4][5] Indeed, synecdoche is sometimes considered a subclass of metonymy. It is more distantly related to other figures of speech, such as metaphor.

More rigorously, metonymy and synecdoche can be considered subspecies of metaphor, intending metaphor as a type of conceptual substitution (as Quintilian does in Institutio oratoria Book VIII). In Lanham's Handlist of Rhetorical Terms,^[7] the three terms have somewhat restrictive definitions, arguably in tune with a certain interpretation of their etymologies from Greek:

• Metaphor: changing a word from its literal meaning to one not properly applicable but analogous to it; assertion of identity rather than likeness, as with simile.
• Metonymy: substitution of cause for effect, proper name for one of its qualities, etc.

Sinecdoche is the majas where  one part of thing has been presentation that thing, for the example is “ a wheel” that could be meaning “a car”

Synecdoche Examples from Everyday Life

It is very common to refer to a thing by the name of its parts. Let us look at some of the examples of synecdoche that we can hear from casual conversations:

• The word “bread” refers to food or money as in “Writing is my bread and butter” or “sole breadwinner”.
• The phrase “gray beard” refers to an old man.
• The word “sails” refers to a whole ship.
• The word “suits” refers to businessmen.
• The word “boots” usually refers to soldiers.
• The term “coke” is a common synecdoche for all carbonated drinks.

 

Read More

COLLOCATION..

Okey guys... now i will give you the explanation about collocation..

What is collocation

A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combination just sound “right” to native English speakers. Who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound “wrong”. Look at these examples:

Natural english--- Unnatural English

The fast train

Fast food quick train

Quick food quick shower

A quick meal a fast shower

A fast meal

Why must learn collocation ?

ü Your language will be more natural and more easily understood.

ü You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yor self

ü It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words

Types of collocation there are several different type of collocation made from combination of verb, noun, adjective etc. Some of the most common types are:

ü Adverb + Adjective : completely sastified (NOT Down right satified)

ü Adjective+Noun : excruciating pain ( NOT a rush of a anger)

ü Noun + Verb : Lions Roar (NOT lions shout)

ü Verb + Noun : Commit Suicide ( NOT undertake suicide)

ü Verb + Expression with preposition : burst into tears ( NOT blow up in tears)

ü Verb + Adverb : wave frantically (NOT wave faveshly)

Read More